Nigeria faces one of the world’s highest numbers of out-of-school children, concentrated in rural, hard-to-reach, and conflict-affected areas. Poverty, insecurity, gender discrimination, displacement, and poor infrastructure continue to hinder children’s access to basic education. Girls are disproportionately affected, with cultural barriers and early marriages contributing to high dropout rates. Even when children enrol, many fail to complete their education due to inadequate retention strategies, learning materials, and weak school-community accountability systems.